radio

public service broadcast - broadcasting intended for public benefit rather than to serve purely commercial interests. like the BBC. Its free for the public to listen to. Non biased, not for profit.

the communications regulator, ofcom, determines that certain television and radio broadcasters fulfill certain requirements as part of their license to broadcast.

5 public services of the BBC -
provide impartial news and information to help people understand the world around them.

to support learning for people of all ages.

to show the most creative, highest quality and distinctive output and services.

to reflect represent and serve the diverse communities of all the UKs nations and regions and in doing so, support the creative economy across the UK.

to reflect the UK, its culture and values to the world.

curran and seatons theory

curran and seatons theory -

media companies are only there for profit. There are a few large companies which only want profit and power which means there is little originality.

Lady Gaga & Tyler the creator Goodwin analysis

Lady gaga a million reasons Goodwins music video theory.

- A link between the visuals & lyrics (compliment, contradict or amplify)
Lady Gaga walks away as the says she needs one to stay, contradicts her lyrics.









Genre Characteristics - Lady gaga wears a cowboy hat and other country themed clothing and has an old looking electric guitar.











Male Gaze








Demands of the record label -
Close up shot of Lady Gagas face at the start of the video




Lady Gaga wears a top with lady gaga printed on it.








See you again - Tyler the creator

Demands of the record label -
Close up of Tylers face

Contain notions of looking -
Tyler looks through the window while we look at Tyler through the window.













Contain Intertextual references and Demands of the record label -
GOLF le FLEUR/GOLF WANG is Tyler's designer brand






Demands of the record label and intertextual references -
Links to the the song from the (Flower Boy)

Contain Intertextual references -
A$AP ROCKY - a popular rapper and friend of Tyler's features in the video.

A link between the visuals and lyrics.
 Tyler's eye lights up as he says 'eye'.










Demands of the record label -
Tyler wears bucket hats alot and so are a symbol associated with him.

Lady Gaga

Lady Gagas real name is Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta
Well known for her outrageous style. Her album Joanne is a contrast to her previous image as it is very stripped back and natural.


Old Lady gaga is much more outlandish. The music video for born this way is very weird and grabs your attention.

'A million reasons' is a much more conventional music video compared to Lady Gaga's old music videos. Her old content was outlandish and made to grab the attention of the audience. Whereas the music video for a million reasons is much sadder and down to earth, she wears mostly normal clothing and there is no dancing or anything. I think she changed her image because she has solidified herself in the music industry. When she first made music she needed to make an impression to gain popularity and make her stand out from the other pop singers, and she did that through her strange image. This allowed her to gain a large following, then her image began to change as she was already well known. Her image may have also changed based on where she was in her personal life as her music would likely reflect her views and experiences at that time and as she grew so did her music and image.

Lyrics -
Lots to do with religion
About a relationship

million reasons is about her ex fiance Taylor Kinney.

Representations of Femininity -
pink suit, contradict each other. Suit is masculine, pink is feminine.
No one in the video is very sexualised.

Billie Jean

Star theory - celebrities are presented as untouchable and larger than life. Given a godlike quality.

1. What representations are shown?
homeless man
police
criminal / detective

2. whats the narrative?
Michael gives to a homeless man who then wears a suit, a criminal tries to rob Michael but he disappears and dances for a bit. Then Michael goes upstairs (the stairs light up) and a woman sees him, the criminal follows him and the lady calls the police. Michael gets in a bed and glows while the man tries to take a photo of him, the police capture the criminal.

3. how is Michael Jackson seen?
- he gives to charity - a good person, kind
- he is shown to have powers, presenting him as a powerful and larger than life man as he makes things glow wherever he walks.
eluding

The Billie jean video was one of the first music videos that were aired regularly from a black artist. It helped bring MTV into the mainstream media attention.

Billie Jean represents groupies he and his brothers encountered while part of the Jackson 5.

criminal /detective in video could represent the media always following Michael and trying to remind him of Billie Jean

Steve Barron directed the Billie Jean music video

Representations of ethnicity -
Alvarado 1987 identified 4 main types -
1. Humorous, providing comic relief.
2 The exotic - other cultures presented as unusual and exotic in their traditions and ways of living
3 the pitied; objects of pity and vulnerability
4. the dangerous; criminal, gangster and usually coupled with a binary opposition such as the respectable white character

Michael can be seen as the exotic in the video as he is the star and wears different clothing to everyone in the video.
the man following him can be seen as the dangerous as the lady calls the police on him
The homeless white man is the pitied

The man following him could represent the press always trying to get a story on him
Michael could also represent a repressed community that is monitored and controlled by the press

Michael Jackson as a young black male can be seen in a negative light -
he has been accused of doing something - creating a scandal- which is why he is being chased by the press
being deceitful telling people to keep quiet
disappearing when the reporter tries to catch up with him

Props - Star image is shown through
- the newspaper has an article on Billie jean so Michael is clearly given a star image as the media are running articles on his personal life
lowkey lighting - keeps the tension high throughout the video.
Michael wears a lot of black indicating that he cant be trusted or that he doesn't want to be seen by the press.
quite stereotypical setting in a street. star power as the media follow him to the streets.
Tiger a metaphor for women/Billie Jean
white policemen - stereotypical ethnicity
detective wearing glasses to cover his identity
Michael facial expressions - deep in thought or looks very fed up at the attention
purple = mysterious
homeless man is below Michael - put in a position of weakness
things light up - Midas touch - star power

moderate - 117 beats per minute - upbeat even with quite sad lyrics
beat is quite urgent - simple

conflict - 'always think twice (dont think twice)'
billie jeans goal was to get pregnant to get money from michael
billie jean represents crazed fans or groupies

Editing -
Lots of jump cuts - sometimes it quickly flashes back to a previous scene
lots of editing effects like framing the eyes or having multiple versions of Michael dancing - the effects would have been impressive for that time

question - analyse how the Billie jean music video by Michael Jackson uses stereotypes to represent a varying representation of ethnicity.

The Billie Jean music video uses a variety of different techniques from costumes, setting, props and more to highlight a number of positive and negative representation of ethnicity.

The Billie Jean music video Billie Jean was released by Jackson in 1982  and has a lot of references to Michael's social and cultural life. There are a number of portrayals of characters in the video that link to Jackson and his social life. The 'detective' in the music video, seen following Michael, taking photos and annoying him could be a representation of the media and paparazzi constantly following Michael around and taking photos of him. The man in the video keeps trying to remind Jackson of 'Billie Jean', another social reference to groupies that Michael's brothers were followed by when they were the Jackson 5.

The setting of the music video could relate to Jacksons ethnicity, a street corner with alleyways was seen as a common stereotype for places where African Americans would hang out, possibly relating to how Michael just wants to be left alone and go wherever he wants without the media following him. A homeless man is also seen at the start of the video lying on the floor who is turned 'rich' when Michael drops a coin in his cup, this reverses the typical stereotype as a white man would usually be seen as the rich one. The man becoming 'rich' could also be a reference to Michael's star power as the man became 'rich' after being given something by Michael. Michael's costume could also relate to his ethnicity as it seems to be quite an unconventional look for most people, also presenting Michael's star power as his clothes look very high quality.

In conclusion the Billie jean music video uses different techniques like stereotypes and costume to present different ethnicity's throughout the video and help tell a story that people can better understand.


social historical and cultural
mise-en-scene and media language

sentence starters-

introduction - the music video 'Billie Jean' by Michael Jackson from 1982 highlights a number of positive and negative representation of ethnicity. It draws upon a number of ethnic stereotypes including...

social, historical and cultural - Billie jean was released by Jackson in 1982, at the time....the video was groundbreaking because....it holds a clear narrative considering.... which links to....

mise-en-scene and media language - the media language of  the video highlights a number of stereotypes used, for example as Michael Jackson walks down the street the paving slabs light up . This has connotations of.... it is also seen though the use of camera when.... stereotypes are evident in the use of costume when....

Conclusion - back up your points and remind the examiner how ethnicity is shown through the use of stereotypes.


Goodwins music video theory -
Andrew Goodwins theory of music videos states that music videos contain some or all of the following elements

Thought beats - seeing the sound 

Narrative and Performance 

The star image 

Relation of visuals to song 

Technical aspects of music video 

The Big Issue 2

Theories -
Barthes, Neale, Baudrillard, Hall, Gauntlett, Van Zoonen

Semiology - Barthes
The study of signs and symbols (language and images, connotations and denotations) Draws attention to the naturalizing effect of ideology in any text.

Genre Theory - Neale
Can be applied to any media product that as genres and link together media language, audiences and industries. The concept of genres as a shared code explains how genres can change.

Postmodernism - Baudrillard
Can be applied to any cultural product
Particularity applies to news about news or celebrities. Where there is no clear sense of real behind the hyper reality.
We are in a world of artificial realities. Everything in media is processed to be heightened and the 'best' of reality.
A simulacrum is a copy of something with very little link to reality.

Representation - Hall
Can be applied to any media product. Applies particularly to the way in which headlines try to fix the meaning of a representation, both the copy and the photographs. Draws attention to the power of representations

Identity - Gauntlett
Applies to the sense of identity that a newspaper or magazine can offer its readers. Applies to the ways parts of print media offer media messages to readers.

Feminism - Van Zoonen
Can be applied to any media product, especially representations of gender.

The front cover of this magazine will appeal to fans of game of thrones and fans of Kit Harrison as they will recognize him and be more likely to pick it up

'Game Changer' title plays on Game of Thrones title

Representation theory.












representation and identity theory

black male represented positively 'i wanted to look after my mum' shows he cares. Hardworking.

Tough upbringing
The big issue don't want to be seen as right wing










'in a world gone wrong'
Use of emojis, cartoons and Facebook 'like' button suggests the internet and social media is needed to be happy.

Donald trump with money eyes head on twitter -suggesting all you need is money to be happy and powerful

postmodernism, semiology and representation theory

everything is very ironic. the world is in a bad place but everyone is pretending it is happy.
Passport = brexit

Putin on a unicorn copy of putin on a horse.



The big issue was launched in 1991 by Gordon Roddick and A. John Bird in response to growing numbers of homeless people.

vendor-centric - charity work is led by the hopes and aspirations of Big Issue vendors
Inclusive - social and financial inclusion at the heart of their philosophy

Intertextuality -
Suit - john wick? James bond?
toys in the bath link to his movies
the enigma code machine
small doctor strange toy ontop the boat
the hobbit - dragon
jump right in - bath - jump into his movies
rubber duck Sherlock












the big issue are supportive of their employees 'the incredible invincible bubble the big issue vendor who wouldn't give up'

promotes him in a positive way. the big issue take pride in what they do.
'sun rays beaming out from him' presents him as 'holy'
normal photo of him smiling presents him as relatable and friendly
nothing negative
not using star power









the Beatles
star power
audience of older people who were around when the Beatles were making music
anyone who likes the beatles
yellow submarine is one of the Beatles most recognizable songs and so people would easily be able to tell that its them
Beatles in the window
'the making of a timeless icon' - lots of readers wouldn't be alive when the Beatles were making music







Explain how the representations in magazines reflect their contexts. -

The representations of people in the big issue magazines often reflect modern day society. This can be seen in the 'How to be Happy' magazine where the front cover uses dramatic irony and exaggeration for the representations, for example the 2 Korean rockets has smiley faces on them, which implies that although they are bad to stay happy you need to have a positive outlook and see them as good. This magazine front cover applies the semiology theory to all the images there are multiple connotations that can be pulled from each of the images, for example Donald trump has dollar signs for eyes which suggests he only cares about money, or you need money to stay happy. He is also photo shopped onto the twitter logo which uses intertexuality and calls back to his twitter presence.

 The 'Saw the face of God' big issue cover uses representation differently to the other magazine covers as the man in the cover is represented as 'Invincible' and 'Incredible' to reflect the context of the story and show the big issue as good. The cover uses the representation theory and uses the headlines and sub-headings to show the man and the big issue as strong and good, they use words like 'incredible' to portray the employee as strong, this gives the big issue good representation too as they are seen as supporting their workers. The cover also has a sun ray effect behind the photo of the employee which portrays him as holy and good.

The cover for the Will.i.am magazine uses representation to portray Will.i.am as a hardworking musician who is going to continue to do big things. This representation and context presents him as a strong black role model. Quotes surrounding the magazine like 'I didn't want to be a star I wanted to look after my mum' presents Will.i.am as a kind person and goes against a lot of rapper stereotypes. This cover also applies the Semiology theory as the cover is heavily themed around robots or the future. Will.i.ams face is given a geometric style to it and looks as if he is being loaded into the page as the edges of his face arent fully in place, quotes like 'my teenage self prays to me every day, pinging me coordiantes' adds to this and draws from the context of Wills futureistc style, however it also presents Will as the future of music which continues to show him as a positive role model and suggests his career will last a long time.

The Dive Inside magazine cover represents the Beatles as 'timeless icons' and uses the yellow submarine as context to backup its claim. The Beatles being presented to the reader as a 'timeless icon' is a very positive way of presenting the band and will appeal to the audience of the magazine as they will likely been around to listen to the beatles and have good memories of them, alternativley it can attract an audience that dont like or have never heard of the beatles to see what makes them a 'timeless icon'.This cover applies the Semiology theory to the cover as the yellow submarine is used to connote that the band are a 'timeless icon' and is used to help reinforce the context as the yellow submarine song is something that most young and old people will know about.

Magazines - The Big Issue

The big issue -
Media language, representation, social, cultural and political contexts.

Serif - fancy bits
sans serif - no fancy bits

What media language can we analyse for magazines - typography
design: rule of 3rds, structured/unstructured, verbal codes: buzzwords, headlines, masthead, emotive language
non verbal codes - positioning, images, costume/props, make up, camera angles, juxtapositions.
Colours - colour theory

Boris Johnson = pumpkin
Nigel Farage, Jeremy Corbyn and Jacob Rees-Mogg = ghosts
calling brexit a 'nightmare'
Big issue text is sans serif
Orange & yellow colour - fire, apocalyptic feel. Red ghost for corbyn suggests danger.
'Trick or Treaty' well known saying changed, suggests no win for brexit. pun.
ghosts haunting the pumpkin = other parties putting pressure on boris - and he is scared
Right wing?
'brexit blues' suggests the readers are against brexit. the big issue is the 'hero'
Font - typical halloween font, 60s-70s style
ghosts position align with stance on political spectrum
full moon = bad




Media Representational - gender, age, class, ethnicity, sexuality, regional identity, ability/disability.

Contexts - the wider issues surrounding a media text, its production and those who created it.
How does the text reflect society or culture
how far is the media influence by society or culture
does the text shape or change society or culture.

3 main parties -
Labour, conservatives and liberal democrats

Reflection - Does the product give the consumer any infomation or knowledge

The big issue is a niche magazine
The magazine is part of a larger organisation and movement ot help homeless people, it is not owned by a commercial company.
The magazine allows the homeless to work selling the magazine and receive half the cover price for every magazine sold.

The magazine is dealing with the issue of brexit in a comical way.
It presents brexit as something that has divided the country
it is poking fun at this and portraying it as something absurd which fits into a fictional comedy world.
It uses intertextuality very strongly with references to Alan partridge and Malcolm tucke

Font - gold glittering, paint strokes - eye catching, glamour, fame, wealth

Images of Lin-Manuel, Puerto rican (BAME) direct address with camera and readers, holding up finger (no.1), beige casual shirt = he is down t earth and ordinary. from humble roots.

Representation: positive of man from minority ethnicity (particularly Latino who receive a lot of racism in america) Heterosexual male - subvert traditional stereotype that men must be macho.

Heights of Hamilton to his dark materials - suggesting a journey

colours: indigo - mystery, night, glamour. Gold - wealth, success fame, glamour(also thge gold sparkles reflect light and brilliance of theater) Beige shirt - he is an ordinary guy.


frequency - how many issues of a magazine are published
appeal - who are they targeting and how they do it
revenue - the money made from selling magazines

emap
IPC media (Now TI media)
national magazine company
conde nast
dennis


IPC media (Now TI media)
CEO- Marcus Rich
a consumer magazine and digital publisher in the United Kingdom, with a portfolio selling over 350 million copies each year. It is owned by a fund affiliated with British private equity firm Epiris.
Only produce niche magazines - 

• 25 Beautiful Homes
• Amateur Photographer
• Practical Boat Owner
• What’s on TV
• Woman’s Weekly
• Country Life

TI Media’s 40-plus brands reach 14.1 million* UK adults monthly across print and digital.

The big issue was launched in 1991 by Gordon Roddick and A. John Bird in response to the growing number of homeless people. They provide services and referrals to address issue around housing, health, finances, education, employment and personal aspirations.

Vendor-centric - charity work is led buy the hopes and aspirations of big issue vendor
Inclusive - social and financial inclusion at the heart of their philosophy
Non-judgmental - they will work with anyone who is prepared to engage

Post-modernism -
About reality and fiction
We were used to reality but we have left it behind and we are now left in an artificial reality
Heightened reality similar to reality filtering media products
Then similar media to reality but it is not the same as reality (simulacra) so artificial it is not related to reality at all.
Example - media like youtubers only show you the best of their life (heightened reality) but in reality we dont see their full reality
people prefer fake reality to real reality